Nucleosides & Nucleotides Synthesis

BOC Sciences stands at the forefront of innovative solutions in biochemical research and drug development, leveraging over two decades of expertise to provide cutting-edge services in nucleosides and nucleotides synthesis. As fundamental components of nucleic acids, nucleosides and nucleotides play pivotal roles in cellular processes, making them indispensable targets for research and therapeutic interventions. BOC Sciences provides efficient, flexible, and high-quality one-stop solution for new drug development, from APIs to formulations. Our custom synthesis services are aligning with standards to ensure product quality.

Nucleotides vs Nucleosides

Nucleobases including adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T) and uracil (U), are the basic building blocks of nucleic acids. Nucleosides consist of a nucleobase and a sugar ring (20-deoxyribose for DNA and ribose for RNA). Nucleotides are composed of a nucleoside, and at least one phosphate group. Being referred to as the nucleoside analogs, chemotherapeutic nucleoside, nucleotide, and base analogs are antimetabolites. Nucleoside analogs have been a cornerstone for anticancer and antiviral chemotherapy for decades. Nucleoside and nucleotide derivatives can inhibit key cellular enzymes, providing a secondary mode of action that inhibits cell growth.

What is a nucleotide?

Nucleotides are a class of compounds composed of three substances: purine or pyrimidine bases, ribose or deoxyribose, and phosphate. They are also called nucleoside monophosphates. Nucleosides are synthesized from pentoses and organic bases, while nucleotides are formed by combining nucleosides with phosphate. Eight types of nucleotides make up nucleic acids. Nucleotides primarily participate in the construction of nucleic acids, and many individual nucleotides have various important biological functions, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) involved in energy metabolism, and coenzymes.

What is the nucleoside?

Nucleosides are a general term for a class of glycosides. They are components of nucleic acids and nucleotides. Nucleosides are formed by the condensation of D-ribose or D-2-deoxyribose with pyrimidine or purine bases. Nucleosides are generally colorless crystals, insoluble in common organic solvents, soluble in hot water, and have a melting point of 160~240℃. Nucleosides derived from D-ribose are called ribonucleosides, which participate in RNA composition, while those derived from D-α-deoxyribose are called deoxyribonucleosides, which participate in DNA composition.

Custom Nucleotides & Nucleosides Synthesis

BOC Sciences specializes in the synthesis of custom nucleosides and nucleotides tailored to meet the specific requirements of research and drug development projects. Our experienced chemists utilize state-of-the-art methodologies and advanced techniques to deliver high-quality compounds with precise structural characteristics.

How to Synthesize Nucleosides & Nucleotides

Synthesizing nucleosides and nucleotides involves intricate chemical processes that require expertise and precision. BOC Sciences employs both solution-phase and solid-support synthesis approaches, depending on the specific requirements of the project. Our synthesis methodologies encompass a wide range of reactions, including glycosylation, phosphorylation, and derivatization, to achieve the desired structures efficiently.

Our Nucleosides & Nucleotides Analogs

Anticancer nucleoside analogs

Cytotoxic nucleoside analogues and nucleosidases were the first chemotherapeutic drugs to be used to treat cancer. These compounds have been developed to include a variety of pyrimidine nucleoside derivatives, which are active in solid tumors and hematological malignancies. The anti-metabolic drugs compete with physiological nucleosides and interact with a large number of intracellular targets to induce cytotoxicity.

Pyrimidine or 7-deazapurine nucleosides and nucleotides

7-deazapurine (pyrrolo [2, 3-d] pyrimidine) nucleosides display a variety of biological effects, such as antiviral and cytotoxicity against neoplastic cell lines. Thanks to their resemblance to natural purine nucleosides, 7-deazapurine nucleosides can interfere with enzymes of nucleosides, 7-deazapurine nucleosides can interfere with enzymes of nucleoside metabolism, kinases, RNA and DNA synthesis and so on.

Phenothiazine-linked nucleosides and nucleotides

Nucleosides and 2'-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) bearing phenothiazine (PT) attached to a nucleobase (cytosine or 7-deazaadenine) either directly or through an acetylene linker were prepared through Suzuki or Sonogashira cross-coupling and triphosphorylation. The syntheses started from commercial 2'-deoxy-5-iodocytidine or from well-known 2′-deoxy-7-iodo-7-deazaadenosine, which were triphosphorylated to the corresponding dNTPs.

Our Professional Instruments

Why Choose BOC Sciences?

• Expertise and Experience: With over 20 years of experience in biochemical research and drug development, BOC Sciences brings unparalleled expertise to nucleosides and nucleotides synthesis.
• Customized Solutions: We offer bespoke synthesis services tailored to the unique requirements of each project, ensuring precise control over structural parameters and functional properties.
• Quality Assurance: Our commitment to quality is unwavering, with stringent quality control measures implemented at every stage of the synthesis process to deliver products of the highest purity and integrity.
• Timely Delivery: We understand the importance of timelines in research and drug discovery, and strive to deliver synthesized nucleosides and nucleotides promptly, without compromising on quality.
• Collaborative Partnership: At BOC Sciences, we view our clients as partners, and prioritize open communication, transparency, and collaboration to achieve mutual success in advancing biomedical research and drug development.

BOC Sciences provides high-quality and low-cost products to customers around the world. Our dedicated chemists help develop the most efficient process to synthesize nucleosides & nucleotides analogs using diverse state of the art technologies and approaches. We will work with you to optimize the synthetic route and approaches. Customer service is always ready for you at any time.

Case Study

Efficient Production of Modified Nucleosides Using Continuous Enzyme Membrane Reactors

Enzymatic synthesis of modified nucleosides by nucleoside phosphorylase-catalyzed transglycosylation. (Thiele, I.; et al, 2023)

The study clearly illustrates the performance and economical advantages of a continuous enzyme membrane reactor (EMR) as opposed to traditional batch synthesis for modified nucleosides. However, the EMR continuously generated 2'-deoxyadenosine (90% yield) over a 55-day period, but synthesized dihalogenated nucleosides, such as 2,6-dichloropurine-2'-deoxyribonucleoside and 6-chloro-2-fluoro-2'-deoxyribonucleoside, for shorter periods—14 and 5.5 days—with high conversion rates. Surprisingly, the EMR was much more productive in terms of product per enzymatic unit (up to 220-fold for 2'-deoxyadenosine, 40-fold for 2,6-dichloropurine-2'-deoxyribonucleoside, 9-fold for 6-chloro-2-fluroro-2'-deoxyribonucleoside) than standard batch processes, suggesting that it could reduce the cost of the biocatalyst and the overall cost of nucleoside production.

FAQ

1. What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

Nucleotides are made up of three parts:

(1) Nitrogen bases: This can be either purine (such as adenine and guanine) or pyrimidine (such as cytosine, thymine in DNA, or uracil in RNA).

(2) Five carbon sugars: deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA.

(3) Phosphate groups: One or more phosphate groups attached to the 5' carbon of a 5-carbon sugar.

2. How many nucleotides make up a codon?

A codon is made up of three nucleotides.

3. Is ATP a nucleotide?

Yes, ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a nucleotide. It consists of three main components: the nitrogenous base adenine, the five-carbon sugar ribose, and three phosphate groups. ATP is a crucial molecule in cellular processes, serving as the primary energy carrier in cells.

4. What is a single nucleotide polymorphism?

The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPS) is the DNA sequence polymorphism resulting from a single nucleotide change in the genome. A fact accounted for its being one of the most common heritable polymorphisms in humans with over 90% of all known variants. SNPS are common throughout the human genome (roughly 1 every 300 base pairs) and are estimated to number 3 million or more.

5. Which nucleotide component contains nitrogen?

The components of nucleotides that contain nitrogen are nitrogenous bases.